Fig. 1 The experimental configuration used for each run with the labels for the modified glenosphere and LVDT is highlighted in bold. Samples were secured at 60 deg to the loading platform. Implants were cyclically loaded with 500 N maximum and 20 N minimum sinusoidal load at 1 Hz for 1000 cycles.... More

Fig. 2 Section views (transverse plane with respect to anatomical position) of each of the eight unique factor combinations: central element length, nonlocking versus locking, and central peg versus screw. Long central elements (23.5 mm) engaged with higher density PU foam at cortical depths. More

Fig. 3 The positions of each LVDT in the supporting fixture (circled numbers). Lines labelled L1 and L2 were vectors connecting LVDT #1 and #2, and #2 and #3, respectively. The position of LVDT #4, indicated at 270 deg from LVDT #1, served as the reference position to be compared to the predic... More

Fig. 4 The four-step algorithm is used to compute the predicted displacement of a given LVDT in the Z -direction. The micromotion, zi , was found by subtracting the maximum displacement of a given LVDT, zLVDTi , from its minimum displacement, zLVDTi reference. More

Fig. 5 Displacement data showing five cycles for sample #3 (23.5 mm central peg, locking A-P screws, 10 pcf cancellous bone). A peak displacement of 39  μ m was recorded by LVDT #2. More

Fig. 1 Schematic of the flexible robot head printer. ( a ) Design showing the components of the flexible arm. ( b ) Design illustrating how the flexible arm bends. More

Fig. 2 ( a ) An ensemble photograph of the 3D Cartesian/curvilinear printer. ( b ) Higher magnification showing the two stepper motors, each of which activates one pair of orthogonal tendons. ( c ) Higher magnification showing the printer head nozzle. More

Fig. 3 View of the 3D printer from the top showing the stepper motors More

Fig. 4 Photographs of the flexible printer arm. ( a ) The complete assembly of the arm with the printer carousel. ( b ) Higher magnifications of the central backbone, tendons, and vertebrae. More

Fig. 5 Example of printing along an inclined surface. ( a ) The inclined surface at an angle of 80 deg to the horizontal. ( b ) Printing along the inclined surface at an angle of 80 deg relative to the horizontal. More

Fig. 6 Example of printing along a curved surface, with an angle of 18 deg. ( a ) The printing head, ( b )Printing along the curved surface with an angle of 18 deg. More

Fig. 7 Schematic showing the deposition of the 3D printing ink in ( a ) a curvilinear printer and ( b ) a Cartesian coordinates printer. Note the step-like surface formed. More

Fig. 1 CAD data acquisition and 3D modeling. ( a ) systematic analysis of X-ray images ( b ) 3D scanning of the geometry morphology. ( c ) 3D geometry morphology model of the torso constructed from 3D scanning. ( d ) 3D CAD draft model of brace contour. More