Fig. 1 A three-layer channel's dimensional representation diagram. Lower and upper interfaces are represented by y * = a h and y * = b h , solid impermeable walls by y * = 0 and y * = H , and inlet and outlet boundaries are repres... More

Fig. 2 ( a ) The evolution of residuals for velocity and pressure as a function of iteration steps. ( b ) The velocity profiles are shown as the results of the grid refinement study, where the horizontal dashed lines represent the interfaces between each successive layer pair. The calculations wer... More

Fig. 3 Solver validation was accomplished by comparing the axial velocity profiles in our simulations to those computed using the homotopy analysis method, as well as those reported in the literature, Ref. [ 2 ], for various Darcy number values, when ( a ) The Darcy numbers of the lower and upper ... More

Fig. 4 ( a ) Transport efficiency is plotted as a function of Reynolds number for various Darcy numbers. ( b ) For various Reynolds numbers, the interfacial shear stress in absolute value is shown as a function of the Darcy number. The effect of the Darcy number on velocity distribution when the R... More

Fig. 5 The effect of Darcy number on axial velocity profiles with varying permeabilities. The lower porous layer's Darcy number is Da 1 = 0.0001 , 0.01, and 1, while the upper porous layer's Darcy number is fixed at Da 2 = 0.01 . The horizontal dashed lines represent th... More

Fig. 6 Zoomed images of the velocity vectors (first row) and absolute value of shear stress (second row) for Da 1 = 10 − 4 (first column), Da 1 = 10 − 2 (second column), and Da 1 = 1 (third column). The vectors are resized to the same le... More

Fig. 7 ( a ) Transport efficiency is plotted as a function of dimensionless pressure gradient for various Darcy numbers. ( b ) The interfacial shear stress in absolute value is shown as a function of the Darcy number for various dimensionless pressure gradients. The effect of the Darcy number on v... More

Fig. 8 ( a ) Transport efficiency is plotted as a function of free-space layer thickness for various Darcy numbers. ( b ) For various free-space layer thicknesses, the interfacial shear stress in absolute value is shown as a function of the Darcy number. The effect of the Darcy number on velocity ... More

Fig. 9 ( a ) For the case of the Darcy number Da   =   1, the reciprocal of dimensionless permeability is shown as a function of radial position for various values of permeability degree. ( b ) For various Darcy numbers, transport efficiency is shown as a function of permeability degree. The Darcy... More

Fig. 1 Geometry of a packed bed scrubber with its respective internals and features listed on the left side. On the right, the dimensions of the scrubber casing and origin of the coordinate system used in this study are shown. More

Fig. 2 Comparison of the specific pressure loss at different liquid loads through a packed bed consisting of Koch-Glitsch's IMTP-60 and HYPACK-2, respectively [ 10 ] More

Fig. 3 Cutout of the mesh generated for the CFD analysis with ≈ 3.9 × 10 6 cells. This corresponds to the finest mesh considered in the mesh independence study. More

Fig. 4 Result of the GCI analysis with the total pressure loss from the three simulations shown together with the extrapolated value and its 95% confidence interval More

Fig. 5 Rudimentary sketch of sampling methods: ( a ) top view of the sample planes and ( b ) sample point distribution More

Fig. 6 Pressure and velocity contour overlay of the 3D averages and the 2D axisymmetric solutions. In the top of the figure an enlargement of the contours at the exhaust cover is shown. The grid spacing on the enlargements corresponds to 0.1 m in the radial axis and 0.02 m in height axis. The wavy... More

Fig. 7 Point representation of the exhaust cover geometry More