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Applied Mechanics Reviews | Volume 61 | Issue 2 | Review Article
Review Articles

The Energy-Absorbing Characteristics of Tubular Structures With Geometric and Material Modifications: An Overview

[+] Author and Article Information
S. Chung Yuen

Blast Impact and Survivability Research Unit (BISRU), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa

G. N. Nurick

Blast Impact and Survivability Research Unit (BISRU), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa

Appl. Mech. Rev 61(2), 020802 (Mar 18, 2008) (15 pages) doi:10.1115/1.2885138 History: Published March 18, 2008
Article
References
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Citing Articles

For better crashworthiness performance, vehicles must protect its occupants by maintaining structural integrity and converting the large amount of kinetic energy into other forms of energy in a controllable and predictable manner in a crash situation. In doing so, lower crushing force would provide better safety for the vehicle occupants. This paper reviews the axial response of “modified” tubular sections with imperfections and fillers subjected to axial impact loads relevant to the field of structural crashworthiness. The use of imperfections sets the mode and initiation of collapse of a tube at a specific location and reduces the maximum crush force, hence improving the energy-absorbing characteristics of tubular structures. The types of imperfections discussed include prebuckle, parallel and dished indentations, cutouts, stiffeners, fillers, and wrapping.
Copyright © 2008 by American Society of Mechanical Engineers
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Mamalis, A. G., Manolakos, D. E., and Viegelahn, G. L., 1990, “Crashworthy Behaviour of Thin-Walled Tubes of Fibreglass Composite Material Subjected to Axial Loading,” J. Compos. Mater.  [CrossRef], 24 , pp. 72–90.
113
Mamalis, A. G., Manolakos, D. E., Demosthenous, G. A., and Ioannidis, M. B., 1997, “The Static and Dynamic Axial Crumbling of Thin-Walled Fibreglass Composite Square Tubes,” Composites, Part B  [CrossRef], 28B , pp. 439–451.
114
Farley, G. L., and Jones, R. M., 1992, “Crushing Characteristics of Continuous Fibre-Reinforced Composite Tube,” J. Compos. Mater.  [CrossRef], 26 (1), pp. 37–50.
115
Farley, G. L., 1983, “Energy Absorption of Composite Materials,” J. Compos. Mater.  [CrossRef], 17 , pp. 267–279.
116
Thornton, P. H., 1979, “Energy Absorption in Composite Structures,” J. Compos. Mater.  [CrossRef], 13 , pp. 247–262.
117
Thornton, P. H., and Edward, P. J., 1982, “Energy Absorption in Composite Tubes,” J. Compos. Mater.  [CrossRef], 16 , pp. 521–545.
118
Gupta, N. K., and Velmurugan, R., 1997, “An Analysis of Axial Crushing of Composite Tubes,” J. Compos. Mater., 31 (13), pp. 1262–1286.
119
Schmueser, D. W., and Wicklie, L. E., 1987, “Impact Energy Absorption of Continuous Fiber Composite Tubes,” ASME J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 109 (1), pp. 72–77.
120
Wang, X. G., Bloch, J. A., and Cesari, D., 1991, "Mechanics and Mechanisms of Damage in Composites and Multi-Materials", Mechanical Engineering, London, pp. 351–360.
121
Hanefi, E. H., and Wierzbicki, T., 1996, “Axial Resistance and Energy Absorption of Externally Reinforced Metal Tubes,” Composites, Part B  [CrossRef], 27 (5), pp. 387–394.
122
Song, H. W., Wan, Z. M., Xie, Z. M., and Du, X. W., 2000, “Axial Impact Behaviour and Energy Absorption Efficiency of Composite Wrapped Metal Tubes,” Int. J. Impact Eng.  [CrossRef], 24 (4), pp. 385–401.
123
Bouchet, J., Jacquelin, E., and Hamelin, P., 2000, “Static and Dynamic Behavior of Combined Composite Aluminium Tube for Automotive Applications,” Compos. Sci. Technol.  [CrossRef], 60 (10), pp. 1891–1900.
124
Bouchet, J., Jacquelin, E., and Hamelin, P., 2002, “Dynamic Axial Crushing of Combined Composite Aluminium Tube: The Role of Both Reinforcement and Surface Treatments,” Compos. Struct.  [CrossRef], 56 (1), pp. 87–96.
125
Shin, K. C., Lee, J. J., Kim, K. H., Song, M. C., and Huh, J. S., 2002, “Axial Crush and Bending Collapse of an Aluminum/GFRP Hybrid Square Tube and Its Energy Absorption Capability,” Compos. Struct.  [CrossRef], 57 (1/4), pp. 279–287.
126
El-Hage, H., Mallick, P. K., and Zamani, N., 2004, “Numerical Modelling of Quasi-Static Axial Crush of Square Aluminium-Composite Hybrid Tubes,” Int. J. Crashworthiness, 9 (6), pp. 653–664.
127
Lu, G., and Yu, T., 2003, "Energy Absorption of Structures and Materials", Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, UK, pp. 144–173.
128
Thornton, P. H., Mahmood, H. F., and Magee, C. L., 1983, “Energy Absoprtion by Structural Collapse,” "Structural Crashworthiness", Butterworths, London, pp. 96–117.

Figures

Grahic Jump Location
+Typical example of the progressive buckling mode and resultant axial load-displacement curve of a thin-walled square tube (41)
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Typical example of the progressive buckling mode and resultant axial load-displacement curve of a thin-walled square tube (41)
Figure 1

Typical example of the progressive buckling mode and resultant axial load-displacement curve of a thin-walled square tube (41)

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+Imperfections in the tube corners as used by Schriever and Helling (19)
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Imperfections in the tube corners as used by Schriever and Helling (19)
Figure 2

Imperfections in the tube corners as used by Schriever and Helling (19)

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+Shape of (a) full dent and (b) half-dent introduced into the aluminum tube specimen (47)
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Shape of (a) full dent and (b) half-dent introduced into the aluminum tube specimen (47)
Figure 3

Shape of (a) full dent and (b) half-dent introduced into the aluminum tube specimen (47)

Grahic Jump Location
+Deformed aluminum tubes with schematic of the locations of triggering dent (47)
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Deformed aluminum tubes with schematic of the locations of triggering dent (47)
Figure 4

Deformed aluminum tubes with schematic of the locations of triggering dent (47)

Grahic Jump Location
+Symmetric axial crush response mode—ductile metallic alloy: axial crush specimen and undeformed tube (48)
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Symmetric axial crush response mode—ductile metallic alloy: axial crush specimen and undeformed tube (48)
Figure 5

Symmetric axial crush response mode—ductile metallic alloy: axial crush specimen and undeformed tube (48)

Grahic Jump Location
+A typical load-displacement characteristic of aluminum alloy corrugated tubes (59)
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A typical load-displacement characteristic of aluminum alloy corrugated tubes (59)
Figure 6

A typical load-displacement characteristic of aluminum alloy corrugated tubes (59)

Grahic Jump Location
+Symmetric deformation of dynamically loaded predented square specimens. Dent depth increases from left to right (60).
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Symmetric deformation of dynamically loaded predented square specimens. Dent depth increases from left to right (60).
Figure 7

Symmetric deformation of dynamically loaded predented square specimens. Dent depth increases from left to right (60).

Grahic Jump Location
+Quasistatically crushed square tubes with opposing parallel cylindrical indentations (62) (depth of indentations increases from left to right)
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Quasistatically crushed square tubes with opposing parallel cylindrical indentations (62) (depth of indentations increases from left to right)
Figure 8

Quasistatically crushed square tubes with opposing parallel cylindrical indentations (62) (depth of indentations increases from left to right)

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+Quasistatically collapsed square tubes with opposing dished indentations (62). (The indentations were induced with a hemispherical indenter of radius 100mm and the depth of indentations increases from left to right).
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Quasistatically collapsed square tubes with opposing dished indentations (62). (The indentations were induced with a hemispherical indenter of radius 100mm and the depth of indentations increases from left to right).
Figure 9

Quasistatically collapsed square tubes with opposing dished indentations (62). (The indentations were induced with a hemispherical indenter of radius 100mm and the depth of indentations increases from left to right).

Grahic Jump Location
+Quasistatically crushed square tubes with two opposing holes (62) (diameter of the holes increases from left to right—it appears that the size of the first lobe decreases with increasing hole diameter until tearing occurs)
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Quasistatically crushed square tubes with two opposing holes (62) (diameter of the holes increases from left to right—it appears that the size of the first lobe decreases with increasing hole diameter until tearing occurs)
Figure 10

Quasistatically crushed square tubes with two opposing holes (62) (diameter of the holes increases from left to right—it appears that the size of the first lobe decreases with increasing hole diameter until tearing occurs)

Grahic Jump Location
+Failed hybrid tubes obtained from the axial crushing test (125): (a) 0deg ply orientation composite tube, (b) 90deg ply orientation composite tube, (c) 0deg∕90deg ply orientation composite tube, and (d) ±45deg ply orientation composite tube
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Failed hybrid tubes obtained from the axial crushing test (125): (a) 0deg ply orientation composite tube, (b) 90deg ply orientation composite tube, (c) 0deg∕90deg ply orientation composite tube, and (d) ±45deg ply orientation composite tube
Figure 20

Failed hybrid tubes obtained from the axial crushing test (125): (a) 0deg ply orientation composite tube, (b) 90deg ply orientation composite tube, (c) 0deg∕90deg ply orientation composite tube, and (d) ±45deg ply orientation composite tube

Grahic Jump Location
+The effect of the diameter of the holes on ultimate buckling load of specimens with opposing combined imperfections (62) (indentations depth of 3.5–4mm, diameter of hole increases from left to right, G2 has no hole)
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The effect of the diameter of the holes on ultimate buckling load of specimens with opposing combined imperfections (62) (indentations depth of 3.5–4mm, diameter of hole increases from left to right, G2 has no hole)
Figure 11

The effect of the diameter of the holes on ultimate buckling load of specimens with opposing combined imperfections (62) (indentations depth of 3.5–4mm, diameter of hole increases from left to right, G2 has no hole)

Grahic Jump Location
+The effect of the depth of dished indentations on ultimate buckling load of specimens with opposing combined imperfections (62) (hole diameter, 32mm; depth of indentations increases from left to right)
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The effect of the depth of dished indentations on ultimate buckling load of specimens with opposing combined imperfections (62) (hole diameter, 32mm; depth of indentations increases from left to right)
Figure 12

The effect of the depth of dished indentations on ultimate buckling load of specimens with opposing combined imperfections (62) (hole diameter, 32mm; depth of indentations increases from left to right)

Grahic Jump Location
+Collapse profiles and load-deformation history of spot-welded top-hat sections after impact testing at 10m∕s(79)
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Collapse profiles and load-deformation history of spot-welded top-hat sections after impact testing at 10m∕s(79)
Figure 13

Collapse profiles and load-deformation history of spot-welded top-hat sections after impact testing at 10m∕s(79)

Grahic Jump Location
+Test foam-filled specimen geometry and typical material behavior (82)
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Test foam-filled specimen geometry and typical material behavior (82)
Figure 14

Test foam-filled specimen geometry and typical material behavior (82)

Grahic Jump Location
+Deformation behavior of square and circular extrusions as a function of foam filler density (95-96)
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Deformation behavior of square and circular extrusions as a function of foam filler density (95-96)
Figure 15

Deformation behavior of square and circular extrusions as a function of foam filler density (95-96)

Grahic Jump Location
+Empty, monotubal filled, and bitubal square crushed specimens (102)
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Empty, monotubal filled, and bitubal square crushed specimens (102)
Figure 16

Empty, monotubal filled, and bitubal square crushed specimens (102)

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+Square, hexagonal, and octagonal monotubal crushed specimens (102)
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Square, hexagonal, and octagonal monotubal crushed specimens (102)
Figure 17

Square, hexagonal, and octagonal monotubal crushed specimens (102)

Grahic Jump Location
+Photographs of sectional front and back views of crushed PVC tubes filled with mixed wood sawdust (107)
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Photographs of sectional front and back views of crushed PVC tubes filled with mixed wood sawdust (107)
Figure 18

Photographs of sectional front and back views of crushed PVC tubes filled with mixed wood sawdust (107)

Grahic Jump Location
+Typical collapse modes of bare brittle metal and plastic metal tube (122): (a) fragmentation mode of a brittle metal tube; (b) concertina (axisymmetric) mode of a plastic metal tube; (c) diamond (asymmetric) mode of a plastic metal tube
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Typical collapse modes of bare brittle metal and plastic metal tube (122): (a) fragmentation mode of a brittle metal tube; (b) concertina (axisymmetric) mode of a plastic metal tube; (c) diamond (asymmetric) mode of a plastic metal tube
Figure 19

Typical collapse modes of bare brittle metal and plastic metal tube (122): (a) fragmentation mode of a brittle metal tube; (b) concertina (axisymmetric) mode of a plastic metal tube; (c) diamond (asymmetric) mode of a plastic metal tube

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